Happy Holidays

Happy Holidays

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We Eat Nitrogen

Inorganic Nitrogen

Nitrogen, or simply N on the periodic table of elements, is the principal component of proteins we eat and the most limiting nutrient to plant growth. Growers supplement plants with N in the form of fertilizers. Either organic, such as manure, compost or leguminous cover crops – or not; N available to plants transforms into an inorganic state for plant uptake. With exceptions, plants take up N in two principal forms; ammonium and nitrate. Together they form an early pathway to food ending up on the plate.

Nitrogen Use Efficiency
I wrote about N-use efficiency last year in regard to my PhD research project. The discourse over N-use efficiency is an ongoing debate because one, N sources are derived from fossil fuels and two, N fertilizer is lost to the environment. Without bringing in a doomsday scenario or polarizing politics, estimates of N-use efficiency are difficult to make because of three reasons:

1) Estimates are based on data from field stations rather than grower’s fields

2) Calculations factor in inputs and exports without accounting for internal soil cycling

3) Measurements of indigenous nutrient supply requires unfertilized land with crops.

Where does the rest of the N go?
Two places N accumulates are the atmosphere and groundwater. Accumulation of nitrates and the gasses ammonia, nitric oxide and nitrous oxide has a known adverses effect on the environment. A third place where N goes when out-of-reach by plant roots is the soil. Nitrogen immobilization by soil microbial organisms is one sink for N, often overlooked or accounted as a N loss from the system. Dr. John Stark wrote to Nature in 1997 about this miss-observation in undisturbed coniferous forests in the U.S. West.

Strategies
Strategies to enhance N-use efficiency are site and crop specific and require a careful understanding of yield and management practices. Not only do we need to improve fertilizer-use in today’s world but, we must “optimize indigenous soil N supply” (Ladha et al. 2005). Various strategies are shared among agriculturalists to improve N-use efficiency but, solutions to the problem may under value the role of the farming industry.

References
J. K. Ladha, H. Pathak, T. J. Krupnik, J. Six and C. van Kessel “Efficiency of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Cereal Production: Retrospects and Prospects” in Advances in Agronomy 87 2005.
J.M. Stark and S.C. Hart “High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests” in Nature 385, 61-64 (02 January 1997).

Posted in Natural Resources, Pure Science | Leave a comment

Tracing Foot Steps

Living and working as a university researcher, I have the opportunity to look back at old work and reflect on a path.  You know, it’s like taking a peek back in time to a point where things were different yet you are able to see the path laid out before you.  The process is like tracing foot steps.

At Virignia Tech, I was blessed with the experience of growing my own crop for experimentation and latter sharing and eating the vegetable.  I remember the fall broccoli heads pushing up slow and steady with cool nights and sunny days.  Finally, one night the temperature dropped below freezing for four nights in a row and our crop faced major frost damage.  I reflected on this experience in my first blog 4 year ago.

Broccoli to Harvest

Here’s what I wrote at the time:

How can one look at broccoli and ponder the complexity of global climate change? Well, in graduate school you can. The first photo (above) was taken around the same time last year, just before harvest. Beautiful, the dark green leaves and broccoli “flower” pushing up. Imagine this same plant, 10 weeks earlier was the size of your typical transplant, now with a 4 ft. wingspan 3ft. tall.

Now back to my point and the other photo (below). Just 10 days ago a beautiful south Appalachian autumn, typically with highs in the mid-60s and overnight lows in the mid-30s, was in full swing; perfect for growing fall broccoli. Well not this year, the very first frost of the year went down to the mid-20s! Any home gardener or farmer can tell you that no plant can acclimatize to such extremes. Notice the leaf damage and slow head development. Oh and by the way, yesterday and today’s highs were 39 degrees. Not much will grow under those conditions.

Now maybe I am just bitter because my Masters thesis is sitting in a field at the mercy of nature. Just imagine being a farmer anywhere in the world and having to subject your livelihood to such risk. Even my adviser, who was been growing vegetables in these parts for 30 plus years, said he has never seen such a change. I would take a weather narrative over any scientific data to suggest that the climate is in a state of flux.

For now, I can just wait hoping the temperatures will not dip into the teens. Maybe I can count on climate change to swing the temperatures back to the 60s so I can go in for the harvest and the ensuing feast.

Broccoli Frost Damage

This story followed a predictable course where we ultimately harvested the broccoli and wrote up a scientific paper for publication in an agriculture journal. The truth is amazing because tracing my foot steps I realize little changes as I imagined.  Today there is still nothing like growing your own vegetables, the climate is still just as complex and worth pondering and farmers undergo risk each and every day they produce food to feed a growing planet.  Yet, the experience holds the most ground and replicating experience draws you closer to a path.

For these reasons, it important to develop and share methodology with friends, family, colleagues and community.  Many also call the exchange of information, simply, teaching.  My spiritual teacher, Yogi Bhajan said.

If you want to learn something, read about it.
If you want to understand something, write about it.
If you want to master something, teach it.

For each reader who visits this blog, my hope is you will learn something by reading.  While learning you may want to understand at a deeper level, so I encourage to write out your thoughts by sharing a comment on this page or with a growing community on our Facebook page. If you find a compelling desire to master something in your life, then the greatest approach is to teach.

Tracing foot steps is a single part of the process of living now, then and into the future.  Little changes as you might hope it but, the prospect of permanence is merely fiction. As our future takes us to new places and into new challenges the ability to communicate how will help growth, foster relationships and build strong communities.  Being true to a path and committed to its course is one simple way to live a happy and prosperous life.

Posted in On the Farm | 3 Comments